Assignment 3 Solution

Description

Introduction

In this assignment, you will explore the implementation of a particular file system, ext2, and will write tools to modify ext2-format virtual disks. To do this work, you will need to be comfortable working with binary data and will need to learn about the ext2 filesystem.

This assignment contains some bonus features. While you cannot get more than 100% on this assignment, implementing a bonus will compensate for any possible marks lost in another section of the assignment.

Requirements

Your task is to write five programs (in C) that operate on an ext2 formatted virtual disk. The executables must be named ext2_ls, ext2_cp, ext2_mkdir, ext2_ln, and ext2_rm and must take the specified arguments.

ext2_ls: This program takes two command line arguments. The first is the name of an ext2 formatted virtual disk. The second is an absolute path on the ext2 formatted disk. The program should work like ls -1 (that’s number one “1”, not lowercase letter “L”), printing each directory entry on a separate line. If the flag “-a” is specified (after the disk image argument), your program should also print the . and .. entries. In other words, it will print one line for every directory entry in the directory specified by the absolute path. If the path does not exist, print “No such file or directory”, and return an ENOENT. Directories passed as the second argument may end in a “/” – in such cases the contents of the last directory in the path (before the “/”) should be printed (as ls would do). Additionally, the path (the last argument) may be a file or link. In this case, your program should simply print the file/link name (if it exists) on a single line, and refrain from printing the . and …

ext2_cp: This program takes three command line arguments. The first is the name of an ext2 formatted virtual disk. The second is the path to a file on your native operating system, and the third is an absolute path on your ext2 formatted disk. The program should work like cp, copying the file on your native file system onto the specified location on the disk. If the specified file or target location does not exist, then your program should return the appropriate error (ENOENT). Please read the specifications of ext2 carefully, some things you will not need to worry about (like permissions, gid, uid, etc.), while setting other information in the inodes may be important (e.g., i_dtime).

ext2_mkdir: This program takes two command line arguments. The first is the name of an ext2 formatted virtual disk. The second is an absolute path on your ext2 formatted disk. The program should work

like mkdir, creating the final directory on the specified path on the disk. If any component on the path to the location where the final directory is to be created does not exist or if the specified directory already

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exists, then your program should return the appropriate error (ENOENT or EEXIST). Again, please read the specifications to make sure you’re implementing everything correctly (e.g., directory entries should be aligned to 4B, entry names are not null-terminated, etc.).

ext2_ln: This program takes three command line arguments. The first is the name of an ext2 formatted virtual disk. The other two are absolute paths on your ext2 formatted disk. The program should work like ln, creating a link from the first specified file to the second specified path. If the source file does not exist (ENOENT), if the link name already exists (EEXIST), or if either location refers to a directory (EISDIR), then your program should return the appropriate error. Note that this version of ln only works with files. Additionally, this command may take a “-s” flag, after the disk image argument. When this flag is used, your program must create a symlink instead (other arguments remain the same). If in doubt about correct operation of links, use the ext2 specs and ask on the discussion board.

ext2_rm: This program takes two command line arguments. The first is the name of an ext2 formatted virtual disk, and the second is an absolute path to a file or link (not a directory) on that disk. The program should work like rm, removing the specified file from the disk. If the file does not exist or if it is a directory, then your program should return the appropriate error. Once again, please read the specifications of ext2 carefully, to figure out what needs to actually happen when a file or link is removed (e.g., no need to zero out data blocks, must set i_dtime in the inode, removing a directory entry need not shift the directory entries after the one being deleted, etc.).

Bonus(5% extra): Implement an additional “-r” flag (after the disk image argument), which allows removing directories as well. In this case, you will have to recursively remove all the contents of the directory specified in the last argument. If “-r” is used with a regular file or link, then it should be ignored (the ext2_rm operation should be carried out as if the flag had not been entered). If you decide to do the bonus, make sure first that your ext2_rm works, then create a new copy of it and rename it to ext2_rm_bonus.c, and implement the additional functionality in this separate source file.

All of these programs should be minimalist. Don’t implement what isn’t specified: only provide the required functionality and specified errors. (For example, don’t implement wildcards. Also, can’t delete directories? Too bad! Unless you want the bonus!)

You will find it very useful for these programs to share code. You will want a function that performs a path walk, for example. You will also want a function that opens a specific directory entry and writes to it.

Learning about the Filesystem

Here are several sample virtual disk images. you can find these files under Assignment 3 folder:

emptydisk (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/assignments/new-a3/images/emptydisk.img) : An empty virtual disk.

onefile (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/assignments/new-a3/images/onefile.img) : A

single text file has been added to emptydisk.

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deletedfile (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/assignments/new-

a3/images/deletedfile.img) : The file from onefile has been removed.

onedirectory (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/assignments/new-

a3/images/onedirectory.img) : A single directory containing a text file has been added to emptydisk.

hardlink (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/assignments/new-a3/images/hardlink.img) :

A hard link to the textfile in onedirectory was added.

deleteddirectory (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/assignments/new-a3/images/deleteddirectory.img) : A recursive remove was used to remove the directory and file from onedirectory.

twolevel (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/assignments/new-a3/images/twolevel.img) :

The root directory contains a directory called level1 and a file called afile . level1 contains a directory

called level2 , and level2 contains a file called bfile .

largefile (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/assignments/new-a3/images/largefile.img) : A file larger than 13KB (13440 bytes) is in the root directory. This file requires the single indirect block in the inode.

These disks were each created and formatted in the same way (on an ubuntu virtual machine):

• dd if=/dev/zero of=~/DISKNAME.img bs=1024 count=128

• mke2fs -N 32 DISKNAME.img

• sudo mount -o loop ~/DISKNAME.img /home/reid/mntpoint

• cd /home/reid/mntpoint

• …… normal linux commands to add/remove files/directories/links …..

• cd ~

• umount /home/reid/mntpoint

Since we are creating images with mke2fs, the disks are formatted with the ext2 file system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2) . You may wish to read about this system before doing some exploration. The wikipedia page for ext2 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2) provides a good overview, but the Ext2 wiki (http://wiki.osdev.org/Ext2) and Dave Poirer’s Second Extended File System (http://www.nongnu.org/ext2-doc/index.html) article provide more detail on how the system places data onto a disk. It’s a good reference to keep on hand as you explore.

We are restricting ourselves to some simple parameters, so you can make the following assumptions when you write your code:

A disk is 128 blocks where the block size is 1024 bytes.

There is only one block group.

There are 32 inodes.

You do not have to worry about permissions or modified time fields in the inodes. You should set the type

(in i_mode ), i_size , i_links_count , i_blocks (disk sectors), and the i_block array.

We will not test your code on anything other than disk images that follow this specification, or on corrupted disk images.

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Other tips:

Inode and disk block numbering starts at 1 instead of 0.

The root inode is inode number 2 (at index 1)

The first 11 inodes are reserved.

There is always a lost+found directory in the root directory.

Disk sectors are 512 bytes. (This is relevant for the i_blocks field of the inode.)

You should be able to handle directories that require more than one block.

You should be able to handle a file that needs a single indirection

Although you can construct your own structs from the information in the documentation above, you are welcome to use the ext2.h (https://mathlab.utsc.utoronto.ca/courses/cscc69w19/tutorials/w10/ext2.h) file that I used for the test code. I took out a bunch of components that we aren’t using, but there are still quite a few fields that are irrelevant for our purposes.

However, you will probably also want to explore the disk images to get an intuitive sense of how they are structured. (The next three exercises will also help you explore the disk images and get started on the assignment.)

There are two good ways to interface with these images. The first way is to interact with it like a user by mounting the file system so that you can use standard commands (mkdir, cp, rm, ln) to interact with it. Details of how to do this are below. The second way is to interact with the disk as if it is a flat binary file. Use xxd to create hex dumps, diff to look for differences between the dumps, and your favorite text editor to view the diffs. For example (YMMV):

• diff <(xxd emptydisk.img) <(xxd onefile.img) > empty-onefile.diff

• vimdiff empty-onefile.diff

You should be able to use a combination of these techniques to understand how files are placed on disk and how they are removed. For example, you can create a new disk image, use mount to place files of various sizes on it, unmount it, and then use xxd and diff to see how the image differs from the other images you have.

Mounting a le system

If you have root access on a Linux machine (or Linux virtual machine), you can use mount to mount the disk into your file system and to peruse its contents. (Note: this requires sudo, so you will need to do this on a machine (or virtual machine) that you administer.

On Mathlab, you can use a tool called FUSE that allows you to mount a file system at user-level (from your regular account). It may not work on an NFS mounted file system, so this will only work on the mathlab workstations.

Note: <mathlabID> should be replaced with your own mathlab user id below.

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• create a directory in /tmp and go there mkdir -m 700 /tmp/<mathlabID>-csc369h

cd /tmp/<mathlabID>-csc369h

• to create your own disk image

30. if=/dev/zero of=DISKNAME.img bs=1024 count=128 /sbin/mke2fs -N 32 -F DISKNAME.img

• create a mount point and mount the image

• CWD is /tmp/<CDFID>-csc369h

mkdir mnt

fuseext2 -o rw+ DISKNAME.img mnt

• check to see if it is mounted df -hl

• now you can use the mounted file system, for example mkdir mnt/test

• unmount the image

fusermount -u mnt

You can use the same strategy to mount one of the images provided above.

Submission

The assignment should be submitted to as a tarball A3.tar.gz in markus. Don’t forget to add all of the code for the required programs. Please also provide a Makefile that will create your programs. Your Makefile should use -Wall, and there produce no warnings. Please make sure that your Makefile includes the following separate targets:

ext2_ls: compiles and produces the ext2_ls executable

ext2_cp: compiles and produces the ext2_cp executable

ext2_mkdir: compiles and produces the ext2_mkdir executable

ext2_ln: compiles and produces the ext2_ln executable

ext2_rm: compiles and produces the ext2_rm executable

ext2_rm_bonus: compiles and produces the ext2_rm_bonus executable (optional, for bonus)

Additionally, invoking make without arguments must compile all the targets.

We will pull the last commit before the deadline for marking.

Additionally, you must submit an INFO.txt file, which contains as the first 3 lines the following:

your names

your mathlab IDs

Aside from this, please feel free to describe problems you’ve encountered, what isn’t fully implemented (or doesn’t work fully), any special design decisions you’ve taken, etc. Feel free to explain what is not implemented and describes what features you have completed. You may receive partial credit for functionality that is implemented but that does not complete one of the five required programs successfully.

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Final (and Very Important) notes:

• Assignments missing a Makefile will receive a 0, as if the code did not compile!

• You must make sure that your Makefile compiles all of your files, including possible helper files, depending on your design, and that you have included all the necessary targets specified above. – You must make sure that the source files that are mandatory are named exactly as indicated in the handout, and that the Makefile produces executables with the same name excluding the .c extension (for example: the Makefile compiles ext2_ls.c and generates an executable named ext2_ls – do not submit the executables though).

• Missing files due to submission mistakes (forgot to add files, forgot to commit last version, etc.), will not be considered!

• It is your responsibility to ensure that your code works as you expect it to!

https://q.utoronto.ca/courses/96116/assignments/167785 6/6